Determinism

Determinism makes repeated verification meaningful.

When the same referentially closed verification inputs are evaluated under the same defined contract, the relevant verification outcome should be reproducible.

Determinism does not necessarily mean

• byte-identical binaries across different toolchains
• identical machine execution timing
• identical operating-system behavior
• identical implementation internals

Instead, the verification contract should define which outputs or outcomes are required to remain stable.

Why it matters

Without a stable verification contract, replay may reproduce activity without proving that the expected result is preserved.